Ultrastructure of the Melanization Response of Aedes trivittatus against Inoculated Dirofilaria immitis Microfilariae

Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that intrathoracically-inoculated microfilariae (mff) of D. immitis elicited a rapid and effective immune response in the hemocoel of A. trivittatus mosquitoes. Hemocyte lysis and melanization of inoculated mff began immediately following exposure to the hemolymph environment. Initial melanin accumulation occurred at any site along the surface of mff and rapidly increased in thickness. Hemocyte encapsulation generally described for insects did not occur, but hemocytes might be necessary for activation of the melanization response. Although intact hemocytes were never abundant, those that were present seemed to show an active secretion of membrane-bound vacuoles directed toward mff. Activated hemocytes were in close association, but never in direct contact with the parasite and were most commonly seen in various stages of lysis. Numerous cell remnants were noted throughout the developing melanin capsule. Parasites were completely melanized by 24 h postinoculation (PI). By .apprx. 3 days PI, a membrane began to form around deposited melanin and hemocyte remnants. This developed into a soluble membrane-like structure of 25-30 nm thickness and resulted in the enclosure and isolation of the mff, melanin deposits, and cellular remnants from hemolymph components. This membrane functions as a boundary to isolate the melanized parasite and prevents additional hemocyte involvement.