Alefacept treatment in psoriatic arthritis: Reduction of the effector T cell population in peripheral blood and synovial tissue is associated with improvement of clinical signs of arthritis

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Abstract
Objective To investigate whether alefacept (a fully human lymphocyte function–associated antigen 3 [LFA‐3]/IgG1 fusion protein that blocks the LFA‐3/CD2 interaction) is able to reduce the signs and symptoms of joint inflammation in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods Eleven patients with active PsA were treated with alefacept for 12 weeks in an open‐label and explorative study. Clinical joint assessment and laboratory assessments were performed at baseline and after 4, 9, 12, and 16 weeks of treatment. Serial synovial tissue (ST) biopsy specimens from an inflamed index joint (knee, ankle, wrist, or metacarpophalangeal joint) were obtained by arthroscopy at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. Results At the completion of treatment, 6 of 11 patients (55%) fulfilled the Disease Activity Score (DAS) response criteria. Nine patients (82%) fulfilled the DAS response criteria at any point during the study. There was a statistically significant reduction in CD4+ lymphocytes (P < 0.05), CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.05), and CD68+ macrophages (P < 0.02) in the ST after 12 weeks of treatment compared with baseline. The ST and peripheral blood of those patients fulfilling the DAS response criteria contained more CD45RO+ cells at baseline and displayed a significant reduction in these cells compared with nonresponding patients. Conclusion The changes in ST, together with the improvement in clinical joint scores, after treatment with alefacept support the hypothesis that T cell activation plays an important role in this chronic inflammatory disease. Furthermore, since alefacept, a T cell–specific agent, led to decreased macrophage infiltration, the data indicate that T cells are highly involved in synovial inflammation in PsA.