Accurate Numerical Analysis of Multimode-Interference-Based 3-dB Couplers.

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Abstract
The power coupling characteristics of a multimode-interference-based 3-dB coupler have been analyzed by using the vector finite-element and least-squares boundary residual methods. The numerical results obtained have been compared with published experimental data to show the accuracy and the versatility of these numerical schemes. The results predict that a full treatment of the two-dimensional cross section is of particular importance for the design and the simulation of effective waveguide devices to enable a study of their important optical properties such as polarization and fabrication tolerances.