Marginal Differentiation between the Sexual and General Carotenoid Pigmentation of Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and a Possible Visual Explanation

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Abstract
We present the first detailed analysis of carotenoid pigmentation of the integument of guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters), quantifying variation in carotenoid content and composition of wild guppies from three drainages on Trinidad (1) between the sexual and general pigmentation of males, (2) between the sexes, and (3) geographically in relation to carotenoid availability. We report that the carotenoid pigments in the integument of guppies are predominantly esters of tunaxanthin. The peak wavelength of carotenoids in the orange spots of males lay only ca. 2.8 nm higher than that of pigments outside of the orange spots, and the peak wavelength of carotenoids in the male whole integument does not differ from that in the female whole integument. Carotenoid composition of the general integument of females and the non-orange spot fraction of males, but not of the orange spot fraction of males, varied with diet, correlating with the ratio beta-carotene to lutein in the different streams. Male guppies deposit higher concentrations of carotenoids in their orange spots than in the rest of the integument (five to nine times higher), but not at the expense of the general integument, which was similarly endowed as the general integument of females, even in carotenoid-poor streams. Presumably males absorb/retain more pigments than females. Photoreceptor-based simulations suggest that tunaxanthin provides both greater brightness and chroma than would 4-keto-carotenoids such as astaxanthin.