Clonal analysis of the relationships between mechanosensory cells and the neurons that innervate them in the chicken ear

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Abstract
In vertebrates, hair-cell-bearing mechanosensory organs and the neurons that innervate them share a common placodal origin. In the inner ear, the peripheral neurons for both auditory and vestibular systems emigrate from the otic placode as neuroblasts, and divide, differentiate and innervate only one of six to eight distinct sensory organs. How these neurons find their correct target is unknown, although one suggestion is that they synapse with clonally related cells. To test this idea for both the middle and inner ears of chicken embryos, lineage analysis was initiated at the time of neuroblast delamination by labeling progenitors with replication-defective retroviruses. The vast majority (89%) of clones were restricted to a single anatomical subdivision of the sensory periphery or its associated ganglia, indicating limited clonal dispersion. Among the remaining clones, we found evidence of a shared neurosensory lineage in the middle ear. Likewise, in the inner ear, neurons could be related to cells of the otic epithelium, although the latter cells were not widely distributed. Rather, they were restricted to a region in or near the utricular macula. None of the other seven sensory organs was related to the ganglion neurons, suggesting that a common lineage between neurons and their targets is not a general mechanism of establishing synaptic connections in the inner ear. This conclusion is further strengthened by finding a shared lineage between the vestibular and acoustic ganglia, revealing the presence of a common progenitor for the two functional classes of neurons.