Studies on subjects with drug-induced apnea have indicated that the ventilatory and circulatory effects of the Arm-Lift Back-Pressure and Hip-Lift Back-Pressure methods (and modifications) of manual artificial respiration are more physiologic than the Schafer prone pressure method. However, before any recommendations can be made that one of these "push-pull" methods be generally adopted in place of the Schafer method, it is essential on a practical basis that the methods be evaluated from the standpoints of their teachability and ease of adequate performance. To this end pedagogical considerations and operational factors were evaluated on approx. 1000 Naval recruits and 200 Waves at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center. Tests showed that both the arm-lift backpressure and the variations of the hip-lift back-pressure methods can be successfully taught to Naval recruits in relatively brief training sessions. The arm-lift back-pressure method surpasses all variations of the hip-lift back-pressure methods in accuracy of performance, ease of learning, and physical ease of performance. Among the hip methods, the hip-lift back-pressure, especially when an adjunct is used in its performance, is most easily learned and accurately performed.