Measurements of the magnification behaviour of some three-element electrostatic lenses

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Abstract
The authors have developed a method for the measurement of focal and magnification properties of multi-element electrostatic lenses. The method involves the deflection of an electron beam by a raster scan generator coupled to an oscilloscope which displays images of a pair of pinhole objects. This visual display simplifies the assessment of good focus and allows the linear magnification of the lens to be deduced from measurements of the separations of the displayed spots. The authors have applied the method to the study of five lenses each consisting of three coaxial cylinders. Excellent agreement with calculated results has been found.

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