Cloud Point Extraction as a Preconcentration Step Prior to Capillary Electrophoresis

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Abstract
Cloud point extraction was applied as a preconcentration step prior to capillary electrophoresis. The behavior of a surfactant-rich micellar phase injected into a capillary electrophoresis system was studied using different separation modes: micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). A problem that appeared on introducing a surfactant-rich phase into a bare fused silica capillary was that the surfactant was adsorbed onto the wall of the capillary, leading to a marked loss of efficiency and reproducibility both in the migration times and in the areas of the electrophoretic peaks. The use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide dynamically coated capillaries afforded reproducible results, although the half-life of the capillary was short. The most satisfactory results were obtained by using nonaqueous media in the CZE mode, thus avoiding surfactant adsorption. Other parameters related to the composition of the injection medium were also studied to optimize the electrophoretic behavior of the analytes and the sensitivity of the determination. The optimized procedure was applied to the determination of triazines in tap and river water samples.