A freeze‐fracture replication apparatus for biological specimens*

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Abstract
SUMMARY: A freeze‐fracture apparatus of original design has been constructed which can be fitted onto a standard vacuum evaporator unit. In it, cell suspensions and organized tissue may be processed by inserting a sample into a cylindrical holder. By leaving a small part of the tissue protruding from the holder, pre‐selected and aligned portions of the specimen can subsequently be revealed by fracture under vacuum. After rapid freezing, the specimen remains firmly attached to the inner wall of the sample holder, preventing its possible loss during fracturing. A mechanism, in the form of a double‐sided converging wedge, which is operated from outside the vacuum chamber, is used to produce a fracture in the specimen. The device gently induces a fracture in the desired part of the tissue and lifts the protruding part of the specimen out of the way. In this way, reasonably flat fracture faces are produced for subsequent replication. As the fracturing mechanism comes into contact only with the outer edges of the specimen, damage and contamination liable to occur when the entire specimen is traversed by a blade, is avoided. In addition the specimen stage is surrounded by a cold metal shroud which acts as an efficient trap for contaminants. In this way, favourable vacuum conditions are produced in the vicinity of the specimen. Such effective enclosing of the specimen also facilitates controlled sublimation of the sample.