Gentamicin Uptake in Wild-Type and Aminoglycoside-Resistant Small-Colony Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus

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Abstract
Gentamicin uptake and killing were studied in aminoglycoside-susceptible wild-type Staphylococcus aureus strains and aminoglycoside-resistant small-colony mutants selected by gentamicin from these strains. In wild-type S. aureus three phases of gentamicin accumulation were noted, and killing occurred during the last and most rapid phase of uptake. Uptake and killing were abolished by anaerobic growth and sodium azide, suggesting that energy-dependent active drug transport required respiration. Treatment of wild-type strains with the uncouplers N,N ′-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCD) and carbonyl cyanide- m -chlorophenyl hydrazone showed disparate effects on gentamicin uptake, producing enhanced and diminished accumulations, respectively. Small-colony mutants demonstrated markedly deficient uptake compared with the wild-type strains and were not killed by gentamicin in concentrations up to 10 μg/ml. Several classes of aminoglycoside-resistant mutant strains are described. One mutant strain was a menadione auxotroph which, when grown in the presence of menadione, exhibited normal gentamicin uptake and killing. Gentamicin uptake and killing in this strain were abolished by KCN when the strain was grown in a medium supplemented with menadione. The membrane adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor DCCD was lethal for this mutant but not for other mutants or wild-type strains. Preincubation with menadione prevented the lethal effect of DCCD, and this strain demonstrated normal gentamicin accumulation when exposed to both DCCD and menadione. A second mutant strain demonstrated both gentamicin uptake and killing in the presence but not the absence of DCCD. Studies with small-colony mutants of S. aureus indicated that the defect in aminoglycoside uptake is very likely related to an inability to generate or maintain energized membranes from respiration. These studies suggest that the membrane energization associated with active aminoglycoside accumulation requires electron transport for the generation of a protonmotive force.