Development of the mouthparts in embryos of Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae)

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Abstract
The asymmetric “punch and suck” mouthparts of larval Haplothrips verbasci develop from paired appendages in the late, post‐anatrepsis embryo similar to those of other insects. Later, the labrum flexes ventrally over the stomodaeum, the right mandibular appendage degenerates, the maxillary appendages divide into inner (lacinial) and outer (stipital) lobes, and the hypopharynx arises from the venters of the mandibular and maxillary segments. All cephalic segments consolidate anteriorly prior to katatrepsis, their appendages flex ventrally, and the labial appendages fuse medially to form the labium and the primordia of the salivary glands and valve.The left mandible and the lacinial lobes of the maxillae invaginate into the head during and after katatrepsis to form the mandibular and maxillary stylet‐secreting organs and these later deposit the cuticle of their respective stylets. Cuticle of the mandibular lever is deposited by labral cells at the apex of the mandibular sheath during and after hatching. That of each maxillary lever is secreted simultaneously into the lumen of a ventrally‐directed diverticulum developing from stipital cells at the apex of each maxillary sheath.Shortly after katatrepsis, the maxillary and labial palpi originate respectively from cells in the outer wall of each stipital lobe and at the apex of the labium.Muscles of the mouthparts arise after katatrepsis from cephalic mesoderm and are fully‐differentiated before cuticle of the mandibular and maxillary levers has been deposited.Gnathal morphogenesis in embryos of H. verbasci resembles that occurring in bug embryos and provides additional evidence that Thysanoptera and Hemiptera evolved from a common psocopteroid stem species having small, paired, biting and chewing mandibles and well developed lacinial stylets.
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