Low-Energy Theorems for Massless Bosons: Photons and Gravitons

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Abstract
The low-energy theorems for the scattering of massless bosons are discussed. Photon and graviton scattering is examined in detail, using techniques which make no high-energy assumptions. It is shown that the low-energy form for the amplitude is given by the dispersion-theoretic Born approximation, and that the energy dependence of the neglected terms is determined by the spin of the scattered boson. It is demonstrated that Schwinger terms and sea-gull terms do not cancel in gravity theory.