Abstract
To reach temperatures below those attainable with the help of liquefied gases one must make use of the elementary magnets associated with the electrons and the nuclei. After discussing the scope and the limitations of the ordinary magnetic cooling method, the paper describes some of its present and possible future uses in various fields, such aa cryopumping, studies of magnetism, of superconductivity and the properties of liquid helium. The paper ends with a discussion of the nuclear cooling method and the ways in which it could be used to open up the temperature range below 10−3 °K for various types of experiments.

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