Photoswitching of Ligand Association with a Photoresponsive Polymer−Protein Conjugate

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Abstract
Light-regulated molecular switches that reversibly control biomolecular function could provide new opportunities for controlling activity in diagnostics, affinity separations, bioprocessing, therapeutics, and bioelectronics applications. Here we show that site-specific conjugation of light-responsive polymers near the biotin-binding pocket of streptavidin provides control of ligand binding affinity in response to UV and visible light irradiation. Two different light-responsive polymers were utilized that display opposite photoresponsive solubility changes under UV or visible (vis) light irradiation in aqueous solutions. At 40 degrees C, the N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA)-co-4-phenylazophenyl acrylate (AZAA) copolymer (DMAA) was soluble under UV irradiation and precipitated under visible light, while the DMA-co-N-4-phenylazophenyl acrylamide (AZAAm) copolymer (DMAAm) was soluble under visible irradiation and precipitated under UV light. Both polymers were synthesized with a vinyl sulfone terminus and conjugated to the Glu116Cys (E116C) streptavidin mutant via thiol coupling. The DMAA-streptavidin conjugate bound biotin efficiently when the polymer was in the soluble state under UV irradiation, but under visible irradiation, the polymer collapsed and blocked free biotin association. Furthermore, if biotin was allowed to bind when the polymer was in the soluble state under UV irradiation, then when the polymer was collapsed by visible light, the streptavidin released the bound biotin. The DMAAm-streptavidin conjugate showed the opposite response, with association of biotin allowed under visible light irradiation and blocked under UV irradiation. The photoresponses of the streptavidin conjugates thus correspond to the original photoresponsive phase transition properties of the polymer switches triggered by the cis-trans isomerization of the diazo chromophores.