Behavioral Intervention with Muscle-Contraction Headache: A Review

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Abstract
Intervention approaches most frequently involved frontal electromyographic [EMG] feedback and relaxation instructions. Although behavioral intervention packages were more effective than control procedures in reducing human headache activity, identification of active components of these packages is difficult. The contribution of placebo, expectancy and demand factors, reactive effects of self-monitoring and home practice were not adequately assessed. The importance of assessing individual differences in etiology and in response to intervention is stressed. Results are congruent with the hypothesized muscle tension etiology of muscle-contraction headaches, but other results suggest that factors other than muscle-tension may be involved. Supportive laboratory research on the intervention procedures and cost-efficiency of EMG feedback and relaxation instructions are discussed.

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