Effects of the Bluestain Fungus, Ceratocystis ips, on Development of Ips Bark Beetles1 in Pine Bolts2

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Abstract
The bluestain fungus, Ceratocystis ips (Rumbold) C. Moreau, was consistently associated with and transmitted by Ips avulsus (Eichhoff), I. calligraphus (Germar), and I. grandicollis (Eichhoff) infesting Pinus species in Florida. In logs of typical slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, no significant differences were found in egg gallery length, brood size, brood composition, pupal weight, or fecundity of bluestain-free and bluestain-inoculated I. avulsus populations; similar results were obtained with I. calligraphus and I. grandicollis in most tests. Bluestain-free populations of the 3 Ips species were reared successfully through 3 to 4 successive generations in fungus-free slash pine logs. Oviposition was inhibited when pine logs were inoculated with C. ips 8 days prior to introduction of adult beetles. Laboratory-reared populations of I. avulsus from wild sources produced significantly longer egg galleries, laid more eggs, and produced larger, heavier broods that matured faster than did bluestain-free or bluestaininoculated populations.

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