Emphysema in nonsmokers: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes.
- 1 December 2002
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine in Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
- Vol. 69 (12) , 928-929
- https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.69.12.928
Abstract
Nonsmokers with signs of emphysema at an earlier age than is typical for emphysema deserve a workup for one of the less common causes of emphysema, which include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, connective tissue diseases, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, intravenous drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and several rare metabolic disorders.Keywords
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