Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16-Specific CD4+ T-cell Immunity in Patients with Persistent HPV16-Induced Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Relation to Clinical Impact of Imiquimod Treatment

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Abstract
Purpose: Topical application of the immune response modifier imiquimod is an alternative approach for the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and aims at the immunologic eradication of HPV-infected cells. We have charted HPV16-specific immunity in 29 patients with high-grade VIN and examined its role in the clinical effect of imiquimod treatment.