When is a device passive?

Abstract
Passivity is perhaps the most basic concept in circuit theory. Unfortunately, the existing definitions of passivity are too restrictive and often contradict one another. In this paper, a new passivity definition is proposed which is applicable to all n‐port and (n + 1)‐terminal devices—including time‐varying, non‐linear, and distributed circuit elements. This definition generalizes and reconciles several recent conflicting definitions.

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