Is the Acidity of Ascitic Fluid A Reliable Index in Making the Presumptive Diagnosis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis?

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Abstract
Ascitic fluid pH and arterial–ascitic fluid pH gradient were compared to ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count in 84 patients with cirrhotic ascites and in 12 with malignant ascites to assess their role as diagnostic tests for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and to clarify the relationship between ascitic fluid pH and lactate. Ascitic fluid pH was significantly lower (pH 7.30) in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (n = 18) and probable spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (n = 12) than in sterileascites (pH 7.41; n = 54). Since blood pH levels were not different in the presence of infection, arterial–ascitic fluid pH gradient was significantly higher in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and probable spontaneous bacterial peritonitis than in sterile ascites (0.12 vs. 0.02). The close correlations between arterial–ascitic pH gradient and lactate (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001), lactate and bicarbonate gradient(r = 0.64, p = 0.003) and arterial–ascitic pH gradient and pCO2gradient (r = —0.90, p < 0.0001) suggest that the low ascitic fluid pH may be due to an increase in lactate and CO2. Patients withEscherichia coli–induced spontaneous bacterial peritonitis had significantly lower ascitic fluid pH and higher lactate than those with spontaneous bacterial peritonitisbyother organisms. Values of ascitic fluid pH, lactate and arterial–ascitic fluid pH gradient in malignant ascites were similar to those of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and probable spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Cutoff points, selected by receiver operating characteristic curves analysis, of 450 per mm3for polymorphonuclear cells and of 0.07 for arterial–ascitic fluid pH gradient, allow high positive and negative predictive values for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The polymorphonuclear cell count has the highest sensitivity and specificity. The use of both testscan be useful in the early diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or to confirmspontaneous bacterial peritonitis when bacteriological cultures are negative, if conditions associated with neutrocytic ascites or malignancy are excluded.
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