Evolution of Asexuality in the Cosmopolitan Marine Clam Lasaea

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Abstract
The marine clam genus Lasaea is unique among marine bivalves in that it contains both sexual and asexual lineages. We employed molecular tools to infer intrageneric relationships of geographically restricted sexual versus cosmopolitan asexual forms. Polymerase chain reaction primers were used to amplify and sequence homologous 624 nucleotide fragments of COIII from polyploid, asexual, direct-developing individuals representing northeastern Pacific, northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, southern Indian Ocean, and Australian populations. DNA sequences also were obtained from the two known diploid congeners, the Australian sexual, indirect developer, Lasaea australis, and an undescribed meiotic Australian direct developer. Estimated tree topologies did not support monophyly for polyploid asexual Lasaea lineages. A robust dichotomy was evident in all phylogenetic trees and each of the two main branches included one of the diploid meitoic Australian congeners. Lasaea australis clustered with two of the direct-developing, polyploid asexual haplotypes, one from Australia, the other from the northeastern Atlantic. Monophyly is supported for the diploid Australian direct-developing lineage together with the remaining polyploid asexual lineages from the northeastern Pacific, northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and southern Indian Ocean. These results indicate that asexual Lasaea lineages are polyphyletic and may have resulted from multiple hybridization events. The high degree of genetic divergence of asexual lineages from co-clustering meiotic congeners (16%-22%) and among geographically restricted monophyletic clones (9%-11%) suggests that asexual Lasaea lineages may be exceptionally long lived.

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