Ion‐exchange membranes by sulfonation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films

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Abstract
Attempted sulfonation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) film results predominantly in reaction at the surface of the film owing to lack of penetration by the reagents. When the film is pre‐swollen with a wide range of liquids, however, sulfonation with oleum proceeds smoothly through the body of the film, and a flexible membrane of low electrical resistance is produced. The more important variables in the swelling and sulfonation steps have been investigated. Side reactions during the sulfonation lead to the introduction of carbonyl and ethylenic groupings into the polymer molecule. The latter grouping is assumed to be responsible for the lack of stability of the membrane towards oxidants.
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