Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Immune Responses in Primates upon Sequential Immunization with Adenoviral Vaccine Carriers of Human and Simian Serotypes

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Abstract
Two triple immunization vaccine regimens with adenoviral vectors with E1 deleted expressing Gag of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 were tested for induction of T- and B-cell-mediated-immune responses in mice and in nonhuman primates. The vaccine carriers were derived from distinct serotypes of human and simian adenoviruses that fail to elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies expected to dampen the effect of booster immunizations. Both triple immunization regimens induced unprecedented frequencies of gamma interferon-producing CD8 + T cells to Gag in mice and monkeys that remained remarkably stable over time. In addition, monkeys developed Gag-specific interleukin-2-secreting T cells, presumably belonging to the CD4 + T-cell subset, and antibodies to both Gag and the adenoviral vaccine carriers.