Leucine Modulates Peptide Transport System-1 Across the Blood-brain Barrier at a Stereospecific Site within the Central Nervous System

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Abstract
Previous results have shown that leucine injected into a cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) can act as an allosteric regulator of peptide transport system-1 (PTS-1), the system that transports Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (Tyr-MIF-1) and the enkephalins out of the central nervous system (CNS). D-Leucine appeared more potent than L-leucine. In the current study, dose-response curves were constructed for each compound after both intravenous (i.v.) and i.c.v. injection. Based on ED50 values after i.c.v. injection, D-leucine was about 200 times more potent than L-leucine in its inhibition of PTS-1, thereby confirming stereospecificity of the allosteric site, D-and L-Leucine were also more potent when given i.c.v. than when given i.v., suggesting that the site is located on the CNS side of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The finding that D-leucine was less potent than L-leucine when given i.v. is also consistent with a CNS site of action because the L-isomer of leucine has been shown to be preferentially transported into the brain. These findings agree with the previous suggestion that some of the neurotoxic effects of leucine may be mediated through PTS-1 and could help explain how D-amino acids can exert opiate-related effects on the CNS.