A review of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risks of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodeficiency virus infection

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Abstract
Hepatitis A (HA) is the most common vaccine-preventable disease among travellers. The probability of contracting the disease depends on the endemicity in both the destination and country of origin of the traveller. The introduction of the new highly effective but expensive inactivated HA vaccine necessitates a reevaluation of HA prevention policy. In highly developed countries all travellers require vaccination. In highly endemic areas the entire population is immune. In Israel, HA seroprevalence declined from 94% in the early 1970s to50 group (n = 80). In countries where hepatitis A endemicity is changing, an evaluation of seroprevalence and then a cost benefit calculation should be made. In Israel. assuming a current cost of $130 for vaccination and $30 for the IgG test, it is economically valid to screen Israeli travellers >30 years old for HAV IgG before vaccination. A formula is presented for calculating the cost benefit ratio in any country. based on local endemicity according to age group.

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