Exploring azimuth effects with an anthropometric manikin

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Abstract
In these experiments, the effects of sound direction on the eardrum response of an anthropometric manikin (the KEMAR manikin) were investigated. Pure tones and pink noise (analyzed in 1/3-octave bandwidths) over a wide frequency range were used as signals as the manikin rotated 360° with respect to a point source in a anechoic chamber. The simulated eardrum SPL was compared with the averaged human field-to-eardrum data reported by Shaw [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1848–1861 (1974)]. It was concluded that the KEMAR manikin can be used up to frequencies of ?8.0 kHz, with (1) 1/3-octave pink noise signals to measure a response equivalent to that obtained by averaging over a number of humans, and (2) pure-tone signals to measure the response equivalent to that of a single human having average head and ear dimensions.

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