Mutagenicity of fine (< 2.5 μm) airborne particles: Diurnal variation in community air determined by a salmonella micro preincubation (microsuspension) procedure

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Abstract
A simple modification of the Salmonella liquid incubation assay previously developed for detecting mutagens in urine was used to determine mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter. The modification consists of adding ten times more bacteria (approximately 109 per incubation tube) and five to ten times less metabolic enzymes compared to the plate incorporation method. The mixture volume is approximately 0.2 ml, and the mixture is incubated for 90 min before pouring it according to the standard protocol. The modified procedure (micro preincubation or microsuspension) was approximately ten times more sensitive than the standard plate incorporation test for detecting mutagens in air particulate extracts and approximately ten to 31 times more sensitive for the chemical mutagens 2‐nitrofluorene, 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide, 2‐aminofluorene, and benzo(a)pyrene in bacterial strain TA98. Mutagenic activity was detected in particle extracts obtained from 1 m3 of air (17 μMg of extract) or less. This microsuspension procedure was applied to air particulate samples collected with low‐volume (15–50 liters per min) virtual‐dichotomous air samplers. Mutagenic activity was associated exclusively with fine particles (aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 μm). Diurnal patterns of mutagenic activity (TA98 revertants per cubic meter air) were investigated by measuring filter extracts from 2‐hr samples collected in three San Francisco Bay Area cities during the summer or fall of 1982. Four criteria pollutants—lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide—were simultaneously sampled at one location. Mutagenicity from fine particles sampled at this location was highly correlated with lead and much less correlated with nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. The microsuspension procedure is applicable in testing samples of limited mass.