Cryopreservation of Atlantic croaker spermatozoa: Evaluation of morphological changes

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Abstract
The spermatozoon of the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) is a primitive type in that it lacks an acrosome. The kidney‐shaped head has a diameter of about 1.5 μm and is occupied by a granular and electron‐dense nucleus. The short midpiece contains 3 spherical mitochondria and encircles the basal body of the flagellum but is separated from it. The flagellum consists of the typical 9 + 2 axoneme and surrounding plasma membrane but lacks a lateral ridge. Spermatozoa of Atlantic croaker diluted in either NaCl or sodium citrate solutions with or without DMSO were examined with the electron microscope before freezing in liquid nitrogen and after thawing. Damage following cryopreservation appeared to be greater to the mitochondria, plasma membrane, and 9 + 2 axoneme than to the nucleus. The incidence of postthaw damage in spermatozoa diluted with NaCl solutions containing DMSO was remarkably lower than that with either pure NaCl solutions, pure sodium citrate solutions, or sodium citrate solutions containing DMSO.