Microhabitat, water relations, and photosynthesis of a desert fern, Notholaena parryi

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Abstract
Interrelationships between morphology, microhabitat, water relations, and photosynthesis of a xeric fern, Notholaena parryi D.C. Eat. (Pteridaceae), were examined in the western Colorado desert. In its typical microhabitat rock outcroppings protected N. parryi from direct sunlight and moderated the diurnal variations in air temperature. For example, frond temperature at noon in late winter was 15.3° C, which was 7.3° C cooler than an energy budget simulation predicting frond temperature at an exposed site. The lowest soil water potential leading to daytime stomatal opening was about-1.5 MPa (-15 bars). Rainfall runoff that was channeled to the periphery of the rocks caused Ψsoil near the fern roots to rise above-1.5 MPa even after light rainfalls, and it remained above-1.5 MPa longer after rainfall than in non-rocky sites. The water potential gradient along the stipe necessary to support the observed rates of transpiration was about-10 MPa m-1; such a large gradient reflected the small conducting area in the xylem. The water vapor conductance decreased as the frond temperature was raised, an effect that became proportionally greater as the soil dried out. The daytime water-use efficiency (mass CO2 fixed/mass water transpired) was 0.0058 for a spring day. Individual fronds reached 90% of light saturation for photosynthesis at only 100 μEinsteins m-2 s-1, a photosynthetically active radiation similar to that from the diffuse sunlight incident on the generally north-facing microhabitat of the fern. Below 50 μE m-2 s-1 the quantum requirement was 13 Einsteins absorbed/mole CO2 fixed. The ratio of chlorophyll to P700 was 552, indicating a fairly large photosynthetic unit that is characteristic of plants adapted to shaded habitats. The temperature optimum for net photosynthesis shifted from 13° C in midwinter (mean daily air temperature of 11° C) to 19° C in early fall (air temperature of 23° C).