The Musculature of the Head Appendages and the Cephalic Stomodaeum of Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)1

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Abstract
Part I of this study describes the muscles of the antennae, labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, the cibariobuccal region, pharynx, and esophagus of the caterpillar. The first, second, and fourth dorsal dilators of the pharynx arise on the clypeus and the epistomal ridge rather than on the frontal region; this is correlated with a narrowing of the frons. The difficulties inherent in attempts to establish muscle homologies solely on the basis of their attachments are made apparent. Part II describes these muscles in the adult butterfly. The cibarial and buccopharyngeal region contribute to the sucking pump, whose major portion is formed by the cibarium. The hypopharynx is extended more anteroposteriorly in the adult than in the larva, giving the erroneous impression that, relative to the parts concerned, the frontal ganglion has moved backwards.

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