Tonic accommodation: a review I. Basic aspects

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Abstract
In the absence of an adequate visual stimulus, accommodation adopts an intermediate position of ∼ I D. Since this position was believed to reflect the level of tonic innervation to the ciliary muscle, this response has been termed tonic accommodation (TA). Part 1 of this review will consider various aspects of this parameter, including its reference to closed‐loop accommodative function and autonomic physiology. In addition, both the methods of measurement and appropriate terminology for this function will be discussed. It is concluded that the response, which becomes apparent under so‐called ‘stimulus‐free’ conditions, in fact probably represents an aggregate response resulting from multiple, non‐optical stimuli. Thus the designation tonic accommodation may not be appropriate, since it fails to describe accurately the heterogeneous composition of the stimulus‐free accommodative response. An associated paper (to be published as part II of this review) will examine accommodative adaptation and both clinical aspects of TA and adaptation of TA.