Modification of the phase transition temperatures in titania doped with various cations

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Abstract
Titania matrices prepared by a sol-gel technique were doped with several cations (La, Zn, Al, K, Na, Ca, Ba, and Co). The effect of the dopants on the thermal and structural properties of the materials is analyzed. The dopant concentration was 2% mol with respect to titanium, and in all cases the same anion (nitrate) was used. The transition temperatures from amorphous to anatase and from anatase to rutile were measured using x-ray diffraction. The amorphous-anatase transition is independent, for almost all samples, of the type of dopant used; however, the anatase-to-rutile phase transition depends strongly on the kind of cation. This means that the temperature range where the anatase phase exists can be controlled by choosing the appropriate dopant. We have found a correlation between the anatase-rutile phase transition temperature and the radius of the cations and their electric charge.