The Time Interval between Determination and Differentiation of Wings, Ocelli, and Wing Muscles in the Aphid Macrosiphum sanborni (Gillette)

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Abstract
The chrysanthemum aphid is normally wingless, but can be induced to produce wings under the influence of continuous electric light and low (18[degree]C) temp. No males are known in this sp.; all individuals are parthenogenetic females. A line descended from a single female is therefore of nearly uniform genotype. Wings are determined a considerable time before wing buds appear. A measurement of the time interval between the processes of determination and differentiation affords one approach to the study of the process of development. The time of embryonic detn., of wings, ocelli and wing muscles and the time of visible differentiation of each of these structures was calculated in a stock descended from a single female. The time of detn. of wings was found to be 3.75 days before birth, while differentiation took place about 1 day before birth. Approx. 2.75 days elapse between detn. and differentiation of wings. Slightly longer periods elapse between detn. and differentiation of ocelli and wing muscles. In another sp. of the same genus this time interval is only 12 hrs.