An Ecological Study of the Waterfowl of the Potholes Area, Grant County, Washington

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Abstract
Impoundment of waters behind O''Sullivan Dam flooded a potholes-sand dune area in central Washington which was formerly a major waterfowl breeding area. Vegetation was arranged in patterns of zones along moisture gradients; (1) none on dry shifting dunes, (2) xerophytic shrubs and grasses on semi-stable dunes, (3) Distichlis meadows, (4) Juncus meadows, (5) Scirpus acutus. and (6) submerged aquatic plants. Over 90% of approximately 1000 potholes were less than 1 acre in size. Mallared were most abundant winter residents. Mallards, Canada geese, green-winged teal, ruddy ducks, baldpates, and coots were important spp. in spring and fall migration. Nesting sites depended on availability, Elymus cinereus, Juncus, and bulrushes being primarily used. Predation was major cause of nest failure. Coots accounted for 40% of all broods recorded. Broods of 10 spp. of ducks and C. geese were recorded. No preference by broods for particular size class of pothole could be discovered. 6 major cover types for broods were Scirpus acutus, Juncus balticus, open water, Typha latifolia, Scirpus americanus, and Salix sp. Potholes with heavy infestations of carp were little used by broods. Production for 15 sq. mile area was estimated at 3100 in 1950 and 4000 in 1951. Other phases discussed include sex ratios and courtship, territoralism, post-breeding behavior, hunting season, influences of other spp., food habits studies of waterfowl, and suggestions for management.

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