Environmental control of turion formation in curly pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)

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Abstract
The turions of Potamogeton crispus L. develop in early summer and function in propagation and dispersal. Under natural conditions during longday periods, an average minimum air temperature of more than 12°C was found to be important for turion formation. Experiments with controlled environments indicate that both temperature and photoperiod regulate turion formation. Turions can be induced at 13°C or above but not at 8 or 10°C. At a temperature range of 13–24°C turions form in both 12‐ and 16‐h days, but not in 8‐h days. By increasing temperature from 24 to 30 or 35°C turions can be induced under 8‐h days. Light intensity was found to be important in the formation of turions.