Nonstoichiometry on TiO2(110) and Cu–TiO2 interfaces

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Abstract
A number of reconstructions have been observed on the (110) surface of TiO 2 in the rutile modification that accommodates oxygen deficiency. We present atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopeimages that describe a new reconstruction with (3×2) symmetry. A model for the observed reconstruction is discussed where this symmetry is achieved by removing 1/3 or 2/3 of the oxygen in the bridging oxygen rows such that a shift in position of missing oxygen by one lattice space vector along the [001] direction occurs in every second row. This structure contrasts those reported previously in which entire rows are modified or removed. Furthermore, nanometer-sized Cu islands on TiO 2 (110) surfacesfabricated by vapor deposition onto TiO 2 at 200 °C were studied by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Our TEM studies show that Cu forms faceted islands (40 nm in width) on the surface with the orientation relationship given by Cu{110}∥TiO 2 (110) and Cu〈001〉∥TiO 2 [11̄0]. The orientation relationship differs from that resulting from room temperature deposition onto stoichiometric surfaces.