Experimental Vesicoureteral Reflux: I. Comparison of Three Cystographic Techniques

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Abstract
Three cystographic techniques to measure vesicoureteral reflux in male rabbits are described in detail. By means of the "obstructive technique" regurgitation was demonstrated in all of the animals, but not in the control rabbits. Vesicoureteral regurgitation was seen in 39% of male rabbits by physiologic cystography. A single "obstructive cystogram" was found to be reliable in demonstrating reflux in 54% of the tests. Reflux could be induced by methods producing urinary obstruction. Ancillary observations indicate that bacteriuria occurs only rarely (1%) in normal rabbits. Repeated catheterization produced bacteriuria in 33% of these animals.