Economic transition should come with a health warning: the case of Vietnam

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Abstract
Study objectives: To assess the affordability of health care to poor rural households in Vietnam under conditions of transition from a planned to a market economy and, in light of other transitional experience, inform policy on increasing access of the poor to affordable care of acceptable quality. Design: Observational study by cross sectional socioeconomic survey, longitudinal healthcare seeking survey, and qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions; qualitative follow up over six years. Setting: Four rural communes in north of Vietnam between 1992 and 1998. Survey participants: 656 households (2995 people) selected by systematic random sampling. Main results: Compared with non-poor households, poor households had significantly lower average per capita rates of healthcare consultation and expenditure (pConclusions: In the short-term the poor need exemption from public sector user fees in both primary and hospital care. In the longer run the government budget and prepayment schemes should replace direct user charges in healthcare finance. Transitional economies like Vietnam should preserve the public health services built up under the planned economy. Market reforms that stimulate growth in the economy appear inappropriate to reform of social sectors.