Oxygen delivery in lambs: cardiovascular and hematologic development

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Abstract
After birth a decrease in hemoglobin concentration occurs while high metabolic demands are imposed on the infant by the extrauterine environment. Using the resting lamb as a model, we studied the mechanisms that are called into play during this period to maintain oxygen delivery. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, arterial and mixed venous blood oxygen contents, cardiac output, hemoglobin concentration, percent fetal hemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and hemoglobin oxygen affinity during the first two postnatal months. There was a rapid decrease in hemoglobin concentration after birth and concomitant decrease in hemoglobin oxygen affinity, changes similar to those described in humans. Cardiac output and oxygen consumption were both very high immediately after birth and declined in parallel, so that arteriovenous oxygen content difference was constant. Thus at rest cardiac output varies as a result of the changing need for oxygen. This relationship is independent of hemoglobin concentration or oxygen affinity within the normal range. If, however, oxygen demands were increased, oxygen delivery might be compromised by a limited ability to increase oxygen extraction during the immediate newborn period or when hemoglobin concentration is lowest.

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