A Review on Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer: A Collaborative Task of Gastroenterologist and Surgeon

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Abstract
The majority of patients presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage bleed from peptic diseases: erosive gastritis and duodenal or gastric ulcers. Early gastroscopy is essential in order to reach a diagnosis, assess the prognosis, and institute appropriate therapy. In a meta-analysis it was shown that H2-antagonists significantly reduced mortality. However, two large, prospective and placebo-controlled studies with famotidine and omeprazole failed to show reduction of rebleeding or death. The value of endoscopic haemostatic therapy in patients with high-risk peptic ulcers (active bleeding and non-bleeding visible vessel) has been firmly established with 75% decrease in rebleeding and operation rate, and a 40% reduction in mortality. Risk factors for an adverse outcome are: elderly patients, concomitant diseases and large ulcers in the posterior duodenal bulb or on the lesser curvature. The mortality for emergency surgery in upper GI bleeding is still 10–50%. The mortality of elective operations is less than 2%. Some studies have reduced mortality by avoiding emergency surgery through early elective surgery in high-risk patients.