Abstract
The peculiar identification problems which arise in the study of feedback systems often require the use of an external reference signal. This paper discusses the properties of non-parametric and parametric closed-loop identification schemes which rely upon such a signal. For the non-parametric case the statistical properties of an unbiased frequency-response estimator are developed and compared with the conventional estimator. The use of reference signals in parametric estimation is discussed in a way which enables the correct structure of a feedback system to be unambiguously determined.

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