Control of interstitial thermal coagulation: Comparative evaluation of microwave and ultrasound applicators

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Abstract
This study presents a comparative evaluation of the control of heating and thermal coagulation with microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) interstitial applicators. Helical coil MW antennas (17 mm and 25 mm length radiating antennae) were tested using an external implant catheter (2.2 mm o.d.) with water-cooling. US applicators with tubular transducers (2.2 and 2.5 mm o.d., 10 mm length, single-element and 3-element) were utilized with a direct-coupled configuration and internal water-cooling. Measurements of E-field distributions (for MW) and acoustic beam distributions (for US) were used to characterize the applicator energy output. Thermal performance was evaluated through multiple heating trials in vitro (bovine liver) and in vivo (porcine thigh muscle and liver) at varied levels of applied power (20-40 W for microwave, 15-35 W for ultrasound) and heating times (0.5-5 min). Axial temperature distributions in the tissue were recorded during heating, and dimensions of the resulting lesions of thermal coagulation were measured. Both MW and US applicators produced large volumes of tissue coagulation ranging from 8 to 20 cm3 with singular heating times of 5 min. Radial depth of lesions for both MW and US applicators increased with heating duration and power levels, though US produced notably larger lesion diameters (30-42 mm for US vs 18-26 mm for MW, 5 min heating). Characteristic differences between the applicators were observed in axial energy distribution, tissue temperatures, and thermal lesion shapes. MW lesions increased significantly in axial dimensions (beyond the active applicator length) as applied power level and/or heating duration was increased, and lesion shapes were generally not uniform. US provided greater control and uniformity of heating, with energy deposition and axial extent of thermal lesions corresponding to the length of the active transducer(s). The improved ability to control the extent of thermal coagulation demonstrated by the US applicators provides greater potential to target a specific region of tissue.