Atmospheric Muon Flux at Sea Level, Underground, and Underwater

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Abstract
The vertical sea-level muon spectrum at energies above 1 GeV and the underground/underwater muon intensities at depths up to 18 km w.e. are calculated. The results are particularly collated with a great body of the ground-level, underground, and underwater muon data. In the hadron-cascade calculations, the growth with energy of inelastic cross sections and pion, kaon, and nucleon generation in pion-nucleus collisions are taken into account. For evaluating the prompt-muon contribution, the two phenomenological approaches to the charm production problem (RQPM and QGSM) are applied. To solve the muon transport equation at large depths of a homogeneous medium, a semi-analytical method is used and the results are checked for accuracy by direct Monte Carlo. The simple fitting formulas describing some numerical results are given.

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