Data access, charging and copyright and their implications for geographical information systems

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Abstract
Few geographical information systems generate all their own data. As geographical or spatial data are the fuel of such systems, the availability, access and price of data sets held by others becomes a matter of considerable importance. In this context, geographical information systems form only a special case of information systems in general, but geographical data are increasingly part of the national and international information economy. This paper examines the current situation with respect to topographic and remotely sensed data in terms of availability, pricing and restrictions placed on the use of the data by their owners; although it is based primarily on European experience, the very different situation in the U.S.A. and the experience in Australia and New Zealand are taken into account. An attempt is made to examine how the value of data may be quantified and how it is likely to decline with time. The price elasticity of geographical information is examined using an example from New Zealand and the legal liabilities which may be incurred through the sale of geographical data are outlined. It is concluded that no satisfactory, non-arbitrary solution has yet been found to the pricing of geographical data or information and that the highly varied international practices will have important effects on the development of geographical information systems.

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