Epizootiology of Amblyospora connecticus (Microsporida) in Field Populations of the Saltmarsh Mosquito, Aedes cantator, and the Cyclopoid Copepod, Acanthocyclops vernalis

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Abstract
The natural ecology of a heterosporous microsporidium, Amblyospora connecticus was investigated at three different salt marsh habitats during 1986-1989. The parasite has a well-defined seasonal transmission cycle that occurs regularly each year and intimately involves the primary mosquito host, Aedes cantator, and the intermediate copepod host, Acanthocyclops vernalis. In the spring, the microsporidium is horizontally transmitted from the copepod, where it appears to overwinter, to the mosquito via the ingestion of haploid spores produced in the copepod. Mosquitoes develop a benign infection, and females transmit the microsporidium transovarially to their progeny via infected eggs. Oviposition occurs during the summer and infected eggs hatch synchronously in the fall causing widespread epizootics. Infected larvae die, and the cycle is completed when meiospores are released into the pool and subsequently are eaten by A. vernalis, which reappears in the fall and early winter. Amblyospora connecticus thereby persists by surviving in one of two living hosts throughout most of its life cycle rather than in the extra-corporeal environment. This represents an important survival strategy for A. connecticus as results show the salt marsh habitat to be a relatively unstable environment that is subject to periodic flooding and drying. The adapative significance of utilizing an intermediate host in the life cycle is discussed as it directly facilitates transmission and enhances survival of the microsporidium.

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