Abstract
A relationship was postulated betwen the experienced difficulty of patterns and the amount of disorientation of their reproductions. While the major determinants of gross orientation errors among Africans seem to be established, this in itself fails to explain why Europeans are little affected by them. The underlying factor might be the development of the concept of horizontality, which reduces dependence on the perceptual pull of the prevailing spatial framework. These notions were tested with 44 Ghanaian schoolboys aged 10-16 yr. The 1st relationship was clearly confirmed. As for the 2nd, there was some association between horizontality and rotation errors, but it failed to account for a major part of the variance. Degree of psychological differentiation is likely to be the key factor influencing rotation error.

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