Analysis of efficiency of two‐photon versus single‐photon absorption for fluorescence generation in biological objects

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Abstract
Starting from basic absorption cross‐section values and breakdown limitations on possible field strengths it is shown that the total exposure required for equivalent fluorescence generation by single‐photon absorption (SPA) is at least an order of magnitude lower than by two‐photon absorption (TPA). The difference is such that TPA may in fact in many cases offer no advantage over SPA with respect to the damage induced during fluorescence imaging of biological materials.