Recoil-enhanced atomic migration

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Abstract
The driving force for atomic migration due to steady bombardment by a beam of lighter particles is described as a quasistatic force in the adiabatic approximation. It is shown that atomic recoil can substantially enhance the driving force for classical diffusion processes, and substantially reduce the driving force for quantum-mechanical diffusion processes. This recoil effect, which has been previously ignored in electromigration theories, affords an explanation of the Häffner effect in liquid-metal electromigration and is especially large for the migration of light impurities below room temperature.