Advanced laryngeal cancer: sonographic assessment.

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Abstract
Endoscopy permits visualization of the endolaryngeal spread of laryngeal tumors, yet the depth of tumor infiltration often remains unclear. The authors used high-resolution sonography in 37 patients with advanced laryngeal cancer to assess the tumors and the cervical lymph nodes. Sonographic findings were compared to operative and histologic reports. Sonography demonstrated histologically confirmed infiltration into the thyroid (n = 8) and cricoid cartilages (n = 1), preepiglottic space (n = 12), base of the tongue (n = 4), hypopharynx (n = 8), subglottic space (n = 3), and thyroid gland (n = 2). Except for the retrolaryngeal portion of the tumor, sonography was valuable in assessing extralaryngeal spread of advanced cancers. It enabled detection of subclinical lymph node metastases in four patients. Furthermore, invasion of the wall of the carotid artery was found in two patients. For evaluating the endolaryngeal and hypopharyngeal portions of the tumor, endoscopy remains mandatory.