Epitaxial growth of WO3−x needles on (10 1̄0) and (01 1̄0) WC surfaces produced by controlled oxidation with CO2

Abstract
The controlled oxidation with CO2 of both high surface area (high Sg) and low surface area WC to form WO3–x needles, has been observed in situ, inside a controlled environment transmission electron microscope (CETEM), and also ex situ, in a standard flow reactor; the tungsten oxide needles, which consist mainly of distorted γ-WO2.72, propagate in an epitaxial fashion from the (10 0) and (01 0) surfaces of the parent WC crystals; possible mechanisms for the formation of the needles are proposed.

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